民用飞机风挡防冰性能评估

民用飞机适航条款要求在结冰条件下应确保风挡外表面不能结冰,防止影响飞行员视界。因此应确保结冰条件下风挡具有足够的加热功率使其外表面温度高于冰点。根据防冰传热传质机理,利用CFD和Matlab相结合的方法建立了三维风挡热性能分析模型,对某型民用飞机风挡防冰性能进行评估。具体包括防冰热载荷确定、表面温度评估和关键参数校核三部分,并给出了典型飞行工况下风挡防冰热性能评估算例。     

Improving aircraft aerodynamic performance with bionic wing obtained by ice shape modulation

For Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) with limited electrical power to achieve effectively anti-/de-icing at the leading edge of the wing, a strategy of ice shape modulation was proposed. Isolated simulated ice shape pieces printed by 3D printing technology are mounted on a NACA0012 finite wing model, and its lift/drag coefficients and suction-side velocity fields are measured by the six-component force balance and the Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV), respectively. The ratio of the spanwise length of a single ice shape piece to chord length and the spanwise length of the non-icing area between the two adjacent single ice shape pieces are defined as dimensionless ice shape length (w/c) and dimensionless modulation ratio (w/λ), respectively. The results indicate that for a fixed w/λ, the wing lift coefficient first increases and then drops with increasing w/c, and a peak value exists when w/c is between 0.1 and 0.2. The lower the w/λ is, the higher the wing lift coefficient will be. The periodical variation of the flow separation area along the spanwise direction is attributed on the one hand to the acceleration effect of the flow field in the non-icing area which reduces the separation area, and on the other hand to the cross-flow caused by the streamwise vortices from the non-icing area to the icing area which promotes the mixing of the flow field (similar to vortex generators). The obtained modulation law is verified through flight tests and provides guidance for the use of ice shape modulation scheme for UAVs that cannot be completely anti-/de-icing under severe weather conditions.     

民用飞机机翼结冰试验与数值预测

描述了某民用飞机在意大利IWT（icing wind tunnel）冰风洞的机翼结冰试验结果.根据冰风洞试验状态点,开展了基于拉格朗日方法和Messinger模型的冰形数值预测，并对试验冰形和数值预测冰形进行了对比分析.霜冰的数值预测结果与试验结果一致性良好,对于明冰,数值结果和试验结果存在一定的差异,原因在于:①明冰结冰过程中较强的绕流变化增大了冰积聚非定常效应对数值预测的影响；②采用的结冰热力学模型对明冰的模拟存在一定局限性；③明冰对于冰风洞设备工况和试验模型表面粗糙度的影响更为敏感.      

飞机热气防冰系统研究

介绍了飞机热气防冰系统的应用背景及基本结构，回顾了其发展历程及国内外研究现状.从防冰表面水滴撞击特性计算、蒙皮外部结冰/溢流水模型建立、热气防冰腔内部结构参数研究以及多物理场防冰表面内外耦合仿真这4个关键问题角度，分析了热气防冰系统的主要研究内容.分析表明:准确预测三维溢流冰形成过程、优化热气防冰腔内部结构参数、确定防冰安全边界和防冰裕度以及冰风洞防冰系统实验的参数缩比等关键研究点是热气防冰系统的发展趋势.      

冰灾对车八岭山地常绿阔叶林区系和群落的影响

研究了2008年年初南方冰雪冻雨灾害对车八岭常绿阔叶林不同区系的冠层植被所造成的影响.结果显示,研究样地内温带分布的乔木受损比例高于热带分布的乔木受损比例.X~2检验说明不同区系间的冠层乔木个体受损比例差异显著(P<0.01);东亚分布及其变型受损个体比例最小,热带亚洲至热带非洲分布及变型、东亚和北美间断分布及其变型、热带亚洲分布及其变型受损个体比例较大.冠层乔木都以重度受损为主,中度受损和轻度受损个体数都远小于前者.CCA多元分析显示,株数密度、平均胸高断面积、坡度、海拔各自对不同物种的受损乔木的分布有显著影响(Monte Carlo test,P=0.010 0).优势种米槠Castanopsis carlesii受损植株的分布与群落的平均胸高断面积显著正相关;亚优势种栲Castanopsis fargesii、鸭公青Neolitsea chuii、尾尖叶柃Eurya acuminata受损植株的分布与坡度显著负相关;亚优势种荷木Schima superb与海拔显著正相关.总之,在相同的生境中能够占据林冠优势层的区系类型往往受灾更严重.     

冰晶粒子运动过程中的相变特性

针对冰晶在温暖环境下运动时固液汽耦合的相变现象，基于欧拉法建立了冰晶粒子的运动相变模型和计算方法。计算了冰晶粒子在强迫对流环境下的融化相变过程，与实验结果对比验证了运动相变模型和计算方法的准确性。针对NACA0012翼型计算了冰晶绕流运动时的热力学特性，得到了冰晶粒子到达撞击表面时的融化状态与收集系数。研究了冰晶粒径大小、初始球形度、气流相对湿度和温度对运动相变的影响。结果表明：冰晶粒子运动相变模型可以有效地评估冰晶结冰风险，冰晶粒子的融化速率主要取决于粒子直径、球形度、气流温度、湿度等因素，环境温度为288 K时冰晶粒子的融化时间为27.5 s，而相同条件下环境温度为302 K时的融化时间仅有5.2 s。